语义学(第四版)(当代国外语言学与应用语言学文库)(升级版)

Figures and Tables xv

Preface xvii

Abbreviations and Symbols xix

Part I Preliminaries i

1 Semantics in Linguistics 3

1.1 Introduction 3

1.2 Semantics and Semiotics 5

1.3 Three Challenges in Doing Semantics 5

1.4 Meeting the Challenges 7

1.5 Semantics in a Model of Grammar 8

1.6 Some Important Assumptions 10

1.7 Summary 17

1.8

Exercises 17

Further Reading 19

Notes 19

References 20

2 Meaning, Thought, and Reality 22

2.1 Introduction 22

2.2 Reference 24

2.3 Reference as a Theory of Meaning 29

2.4 Mental Representations 31

2.5 Wbrds3 Concepts, and Thinking 37

2.6 Summary 42

Exercises 43

Further Reading 44

Notes 44

References 45

Part II Semantic Description 49

3 Word Meaning 51

3.1 Introduction 51

3.2 Words and Grammatical Categories 52

3.3 Words and Lexical Items 53

3.4 Problems with Pinning Down Word Meaning 56

3.5 Lexical Relations 59

3.5.8 Portion－^mass 67

3.6 Derivational Relations 67

3.7 Lexical Typology 69

3.8 Summary 75

Exercises 76

Further Reading 78

Notes 79

References 80

4 Sentence Relations and Truth 84

4.1 Introduction 84

4.2 Logic and Truth 86

4.3 Necessary Truth, A Priori Truth, and Analyticity 91

4.4 Entailment 94

4.5 Presupposition 97

4.6 Summary 105

Exercises 106

Further Reading 108

Notes 108

References 110

5 Sentence Semantics 1: Situations 112

5.1 Introduction 112

5.2 Classifying Situations 113

5.3 Modality and Evidentiality 134

5.4 Summary 142

Exercises 143

Further Reading 146

Notes 146

References 147

6 Sentence Semantics 2: Participants 149

6.1 Introduction: Classifying Participants 149

6.2 Thematic Roles 150

6.3 Grammatical Relations and Thematic Roles 155

6.4 Verbs and Thematic Role Grids 156

6.5 Problems with Thematic Roles 158

6.6 The Motivation for Identifying Thematic Roles 161

6.7 Causation 164

6.8 Voice 166

6.9 Classifiers and Noun Classes 175

6.10 Summary 178

Exercises 179

Further Reading 182

Notes 182

References 184

7 Context and Inference 189

7.1 Introduction 189

7.2 Deixis 190

7.3 Reference and Context 196

7.4 Knowledge as Context 197

7.5 Information Structure 203

7.6 Inference 208

7.7 Conversational Implicature 210

7.8 Lexical Pragmatics 217

7.9 Summary 219

Exercises 220

Further Reading 224

Notes 224

References 225

8 Functions of Language: Speech as Action 229

8.1 Introduction 229

8.2 Austin5s Speech Act Theory 232

8.3 Categorizing Speech Acts 237

8.4 Indirect Speech Acts 239

8.5 Sentence Types 245

8.6 Summary 247

Exercises 248

Further Reading 250

Notes 250

References 252

Part III Theoretical Approaches 257

9 Meaning Components 259

9.1 Introduction 259

9.2 Lexical Relations in CA 260

9.3 Katz’s Semantic Theory 262

9.4 Grammatical Rules and Semantic Components 265

9.5 Thlmy’s Typology of Motion Events 273

9.6 Jackendoffs Conceptual Structure 278

9.7 Pustejovsky’s Generative Lexicon 287

9.8 Problems with Components of Meaning 294

9.9 Summary 295

Exercises 295

Further Reading 299

Notes 300

References 301

10 Formal Semantics 305

10.1 Introduction 305

10.2 Model－Theoretical Semantics 307

10.3 Translating English into a Logical Metalanguage 308

10.4 The Semantics of the Logical Metalanguage 315

10.5 Checking the Truth－Value of Sentences 317

10.6 Word Meaning: Meaning Postulates 321

10.7 Natural Language Quantifiers and Higher－Order Logic 323

10.8 Intensionality 331

10.9 Dynamic Approaches to Discourse 336

10.10 Summary 344

Exercises 345

Further Reading 348

Notes 348

References 350

11 Cognitive Semantics 353

11.1 Introduction 353

11.2 Categorization 356

11.3 Polysemy 363

11.4 Metaphor 369

11.5 Metonymy 376

11.6 Mental Spaces 377

11.7 Langacker’s Cognitive Grammar 388

11.8 Construction Grammar 392

11.9 Summary 394

Exercises 395

Further Reading 398

Notes 398

References 400

Solutions to Exercises 405

Glossary 435

Index 458