农业和生物科学专业英语

前言
Chapter 1 An Introduction toAcademic English1．1 Concept of academic English1．2 Academic English course1．3 The academic English course book1．4 Organizing your study1．5 Strategies for English learningChapter 2 Learning New Words and Extending Your Vocabulary2．1 General strategies and skills for learning new words2．2 English word formation2．2．1 Conversion of words2．2．2 Word compounding2．2．3 Abbreviation2．2．4 Affixation2．3 Word roots2．3．1 Some common roots2．3．2 Exploring the basics of roots2．4 Word element2．4．1 Origin of word elements2．4．2 Some words and their element formsChapter 3 Techniques for Improving Efficiency of Reading English Literatures3．1 Reading with a purpose3．2 Using the title3．3 Surveying a book3．4 Surveying a text using first few lines of paragraphs3．5 Surveying a text using the first and the last paragraphs3．6 Scanning3．7 Knowing meaning of words or phrases in context3．8 Multiple reading skills by knowing the text organizationChapter 4 Selected Readings in Biology and Agriculture4．1 Microorganism4．1．1 History4．1．2 Classification and structure4．1．3 Habitats and ecology4．1．4 Importance4．2 Agriculture4．2．1 Etymology and terminology4．2．2 History4．2．3 Workforce4．2．4 Safety4．2．5 Agricultural production systems4．2．6 Production practices4．2．7 Crop alteration and biotechnology4．2．8 Environmental impact4．2．9 Agricultural economics4．2．10 Agriculture policy4．3 Systematics， taxonomy and classification4．3．1 The importance of biological classification4．3．2 Taxonomic hierarchies4．3．3 The goals of classification systems4．3．4 Phenetic systematics4．3．5 Cladistic systematics4．3．6 Constructing phylogenies4．3．7 Taxonomic keys4．3．8 Summary4．4 Weed management in organic crop production4．4．1 Prevention4．4．2 Sanitation4．4．3 Cultural control4．4．4 Crop competition4．4．5 Mechanical control by tillage4．4．6 Harvest management4．4．7 Other control methods4．4．8 Allelopathy4．4．9 Biological weed control4．4．10 Conclusion4．5 Genetically modified crops4．5．1 Gene transfer in nature and traditional agriculture．．4．5．2 History4．5．3 Methods4．5．4 Types of genetic engineering4．5．5 Business of GM crops4．5．6 Uses， actual and proposed4．5．7 Extent of worldwide use of GM crops4．5．8 Examples of genetically modified crops4．5．9 Effects on farming practices4．5．10 Regulation4．5．11 Controversy4．6 Archaea： the life’s extremists4．6．1 Archaea fossil record4．6．2 Archaea ecology4．6．3 Archaea systematics4．6．4 Archaea morphology4．7 Plant genomics – sowing the seeds of success4．7．1 Crop genomics： growing potential4．7．2 Model behavior： lessons from Arabidopsis and Brachypodium4．7．3 Sensing change： responses to the environment4．7．4 The tree of life4．7．5 Concluding remarks4．8 Lichens： an alliance between kingdoms4．8．1 Fossil record of lichens4．8．2 Life history and ecology4．8．3 Systematics of lichens4．8．4 More on morphology of lichensChapter 5 Awareness and Correction of Errors in Writing5．1 Some common causes of error5．2 Errors and corrections in standard usage5．2．1 Cases of nouns and pronouns5．2．2 Agreement of verb with subject5．2．3 Agreement of pronoun with antecedent5．2．4 Agreement of denominative adjective with its object5．3 Unity and coherence in the sentence5．3．1 Unity of thought5．3．2 Unity of structure5．3．3 Coherence5．4 Errors and correction in spelling5．4．1 Some effective ways of reducing misspelling5．4．2 Some principles of spelling5．5 Correct use of vocabulary and grammar5．6 Writing styles5．7 Writing tentativenessChapter 6 Structural Organization and Cohesion of General Texts6．1 AND type connectives6．2 OR type connectives6．3 BUT type connectivesChapter 7 Language Function7．1 Language function one： description7．1．1 Describing the size of things7．1．2 Describing shape and orientation7．1．3 Describing climate7．1．4 Describing process7．2 Language function two： definition7．2．1 General definition7．2．2 Reduced definition7．2．3 Definition of academic subjects7．3 Language function three： exemplification7．4 Language function four： classification and analysis7．4．1 Classification7．4．2 Analysis7．5 Language function five： comparison and contrast7．5．1 Comparison7．5．2 Contrast7．5．3 Superlative7．5．4 Comparative7．6 Language function fix： cause and effect7．7 Language function seven： generalization and qualification7．8 Language function eight： interpretation of data7．9 Language function nine： argumentation7．10 Language function ten： drawing conclusionsChapter 8 Writing Business Letters8．1 The form of business letters8．2 Parts of a business letter8．2．1 Regular parts8．2．2 Special parts of a letter8．3 Parts of the envelope8．3．1 Regular parts of an envelope8．3．2 Special parts of an envelope8．4 Some principles of writing contents of the business letter8．5 Special types of business letters8．5．1 Letter of enquiry8．5．2 Order letter8．5．3 Letter of applications and resume8．6 Concluding remarksChapter 9 Whiting a Research Paper9．1 Title of a paper9．1．1 The topic9．1．2 The authors and their addresses9．2 The abstract9．2．1 Informative abstracts9．2．2 Indicative abstracts9．2．3 Structured abstracts9．2．4 Key words9．3 Introduction9．4 Materials and methods9．4．1 Materials9．4．2 Methods9．5 Results9．6 Discussion9．7 Conclusions9．8 Acknowledgements9．9 ReferencesAppendix I Groups of Affixes of English WordsAppendix II Common Group of Irregular VerbsAppendix III List of Irregular NounsAppendix IV Some Common Latin Phrases in English LiteraturesAppendix V Some New or Unfamiliar Words and Phrases in this BookAppendix VI Important References