中文版3ds Max+Vray家装效果图渲染全揭秘-(含DVD)

前 言
Chapter 01 效果图相关的理论知识 ·······1
1.1 色彩三大元素 ··················································1
1.1.1 明度 …………………………………………… 2
1.1.2 色相 ·······················································2
1.1.3 纯度· ······················································2
1.2 色彩视觉感受 ··················································3
1.2.1 室内色彩的冷与暖 ·····································3
1.2.2 室内色彩的轻重与软硬 ······························3
1.2.3 室内色彩的前进与后退· ······························4
1.2.4 室内色彩的明快感与忧郁感· ························5
1.3 构图技巧 ························································5
1.4 光线和质感 ·····················································7
1.4.1 光线和阴影· ·············································7
1.4.2 质感· ······················································9
1.5 精彩效果图赏析 ············································· 10
Chapter 02 3ds Max 2014 基本操作 ··· 11
2.1 初识3ds Max 2014 ········································ 11
2.2 3ds Max 2014 工作界面 ································· 12
2.2.1 标题栏 ·················································· 13
2.2.2 菜单栏 ·················································· 13
2.2.3 主工具栏 ··············································· 13
2.2.4 视口区域·· ············································· 14
常见问题解答：如何快速切换视图？ ···················· 14
2.2.5 命令面板·· ············································· 15
2.2.6 时间尺·· ················································ 15
2.2.7 状态栏·· ················································ 16
2.2.8 时间控制按钮·· ······································· 16
2.2.9 视图导航控制按钮·· ································· 16
2.3 3ds Max 的基本操作 ······································· 17
进阶案例（1）—— 导入外部文件·· ····················· 17
进阶案例（2）—— 导出场景对象·· ····················· 18
进阶案例（3）—— 合并场景文件 ······················· 20
进阶案例（4）—— 使用过滤器选择场景中的灯光·· 21
进阶案例（5）—— 使用套索选择
区域工具选择对象·· ················ 21
进阶案例（6）—— 使用选择并
移动工具复制模型·· ················ 22
进阶案例（7）—— 使用选择并
缩放工具缩放模型 ·················· 23
Chapter 03 几何体建模 ·························· 25
3.1 了解建模 ······················································ 25
3.1.1 建模的概念·· ·········································· 25
3.1.2 建模的四大步骤 ······································ 26
3.2 熟悉创建面板 ················································ 26
求生秘籍 技巧提示：创建模型的次序 ·················· 27
试一下: 创建一个长方体 ·································· 27
常见问题解答：如何创建长方体？ ·······················28
3.3 创建几何基本体 ············································· 28
3.3.1 标准基本体 ············································ 28
进阶案例（1）——使用长方体和圆柱体制作凳子 ···· 31
求生秘籍 软件技能：单位设置 ··························· 32
求生秘籍 技巧提示：复制物体的方法 ·················· 33
进阶案例（2）——使用长方体制作室内整体框架 ··· ·34
综合案例（3）——使用圆柱体、
球体、切角圆柱体制作台灯·· ···· 36
常见问题解答：如何做出倾斜的物体？ ················· 38
3.3.2 扩展基本体·· ·········································· 40
进阶案例—— 使用切角圆柱体制作沙发 ··············· 42
3.4 创建复合对象 ················································ 46
求生秘籍 技巧提示：最常用的复合物体类型 ········· 46
3.4.1 图形合并·· ············································· 46
试一下: 图形合并的简单用法 ···························· 47
3.4.2 布尔·· ··················································· 47
试一下: 利用布尔工具制作的不同模型效果 ·········· 48
进阶案例—— 使用布尔运算制作蔬菜刨丝器 ········· 49
求生秘籍 技巧提示：塌陷的目的 ························ 52
3.4.3 ProBoolean·· ········································· 52
3.4.4 放样·· ··················································· 52
常见问题解答：
为什么我创建的放样物体感觉不太对？ ··········· 53
试一下: 使用两条线进行放样 ···························· 54
进阶案例（1）—— 使用放样制作顶棚石膏线·· ······ 55
求生秘籍 软件技能：
放样后的模型宽度不合适可以修改 ········· 59
进阶案例（2）—— 使用放样制作窗户·· ··············· 60
3.5 创建建筑对象 ················································ 63
3.5.1 AEC 扩展·· ············································ 63
求生秘籍 技巧提示：植物的修剪参数 ·················· 64
求生秘籍 技巧提示：流畅显示和完全显示植物 ······ 64
进阶案例—— 使用植物制作美洲榆树 ·················· 64
3.5.2 楼梯·· ··················································· 66
进阶案例—— 制作3 种类型的楼梯 ····················· 67
3.5.3 门·· ······················································ 70
3.5.4 窗 ······················································· ·71
3.6 创建VRay 对象 ············································· 72
求生秘籍 技术专题：加载VRay 渲染器 ··············· 72
3.6.1 VR 代理 ················································ 73
3.6.2 VR 毛皮 ················································ 73
进阶案例—— 使用【VR 毛皮】制作地毯 ············ ·74
3.6.3 VR 平面 ················································ 75
V
目 录
3.6.4 VR 球体 ················································ 76
Chapter 04 二维图形建模 ······················ 77
4.1 样条线 ························································· 77
试一下: 创建多条线 ········································ 78
试一下: 创建1 条线 ······································· 78
4.1.1 线·· ······················································ 79
常见问题解答：
怎样创建垂直水平的线？怎样创建曲线？·· ······ 79
进阶案例（1）—— 使用线制作凳子·· ·················· 83
求生秘籍 技巧提示：线可以直接变为三维模型 ······ 85
进阶案例（2）—— 使用线制作简易茶几·· ············ 85
进阶案例（3）—— 使用线制作靠椅·· ·················· 87
求生秘籍 技巧提示：
轮廓等后面的文本框可以输入数值 ········· 89
4.1.2 矩形·· ··················································· 89
进阶案例—— 使用线和矩形制作书架 ·················· 90
4.1.3 圆·· ······················································ 92
进阶案例—— 使用圆和线制作圆桌 ····················· 92
求生秘籍 软件技能：使用【仅影响轴】的原因 ······ 94
求生秘籍 技巧提示：
旋转复制时正确计算应该复制多少度 ······ 95
4.1.4 椭圆·· ··················································· 96
4.1.5 弧·· ······················································ 96
4.1.6 圆环·· ··················································· 96
4.1.7 多边形 ················································· ·97
4.1.8 星形 ···················································· ·97
4.1.9 文本 ···················································· ·97
进阶案例—— 使用文本制作LOGO 墙·· ··············· 98
4.1.10 螺旋线·· ·············································100
4.1.11 卵形·· ·················································100
4.1.12 截面·· ················································100
4.2 NURBS 曲线 ················································101
4.2.1 认识NURBS 曲线· ·································101
4.2.2 转换为NURBS 对象· ······························101
4.2.3 编辑NURBS 对象· ·································102
4.2.4 NURBS 工具箱· ·····································103
4.3 扩展样条线 ··················································105
4.3.1 墙矩形· ················································105
4.3.2 角度· ···················································106
4.3.3 宽法兰· ················································106
4.4 编辑样条线 ··················································106
试一下: 将线转换成可编辑样条线· ····················106
试一下: 调节可编辑样条线· ·····························107
综合案例（1）—— 使用线和矩形制作吧椅 ··········108
综合案例（2）—— 使用线和圆制作吊灯· ············ 114
求生秘籍 技巧提示：
二维图形建模总与修改器结合到一起·· ··· 117
Chapter 05 修改器建模 ························120
5.1 认识修改器 ··················································120
5.1.1 修改器的概念· ·······································120
5.1.2 修改器面板的参数· ·································120
常见问题解答：
为什么删除修改器把模型也删除了？ ·············121
试一下: 为对象加载修改器· ·····························121
5.1.3 编辑修改器· ··········································122
5.1.4 修改器的类型 ········································122
5.2 针对二维对象的修改器·· ·································123
5.2.1 【挤出】修改器 ·····································123
5.2.2 【倒角】修改器 ·····································124
常见问题解答：
为什么二维图形加载
【挤出】、【倒角】修改器后，效果不正确？ ·····125
5.2.3 【倒角剖面】修改器 ·······························126
5.2.4 【车削】修改器 ·····································126
进阶案例—— 使用车削修改器制作盘子· ·············127
求生秘籍 技巧提示：
使用【线】+【车削】修改
器建模时，对齐方式要选对·· ···············128
5.3 针对三维对象的修改器 ···································130
5.3.1 【弯曲】修改器· ····································130
进阶案例—— 使用弯曲修改器制作字母沙发· ·······131
5.3.2 【扭曲】修改器· ····································135
5.3.3【FFD】修改器·· ·····································135
常见问题解答：
为什么有时候加载了【FFD】修改
器，并调整控制点，但是效果却不正确？ ··········136
进阶案例—— 使用FFD 修改器制作吊灯 ············137
5.3.4 【平滑】、【网格平滑】、
【涡轮平滑】修改器· ··················142
5.3.5 【晶格】修改器· ····································143
进阶案例—— 使用晶格修改器制作水晶吊灯· ·······143
综合案例
—— 使用弯曲、FFD、网格平滑修改器制作沙发· ··147
5.3.6 【壳】修改器· ·····································152
5.3.7 【编辑多边形】和【编辑网格】修改器· ····152
5.3.8 【UVW 贴图】修改器·· ··························153
5.3.9 【对称】修改器· ··································156
5.3.10 【细化】修改器·· ·································156
5.3.11 【优化】修改器·· ··································157
5.3.12 【融化】修改器 ···································157
Chapter 06 多边形建模 ·························159
6.1 认识多边形建模 ············································159
6.1.1 多边形建模的概念· ·································159
6.1.2 将模型转化为多边形· ······························159
试一下: 将模型转化为多边形对象·····················160
6.1.3 编辑多边形的参数详解 ····························160
求生秘籍 技巧提示：模型的半透明显示 ··············169
6.2 多边形建模经典实例 ······································169
进阶案例（1）—— 多边形建模制作洗手盆 ··········169
求生秘籍 技巧提示：多边形建模的基本思路· ·······171
VI
3ds Max+VRay 家装效果图渲染全揭秘
求生秘籍 技巧提示：要熟知多边形
建模常用的工具· ·························173
进阶案例（2）—— 多边形建模制作柜子 ·············174
求生秘籍 技巧提示：把顶点调节的更精准· ··········176
进阶案例（3）—— 多边形建模制作创意茶几 ·······178
进阶案例（4）—— 多边形建模制作圆椅 ·············181
进阶案例（5）—— 多边形建模制作创意时钟 ·······184
进阶案例（6）—— 多边形建模制作简约桌子 ·······187
进阶案例（7）—— 多边形建模制作简约靠椅 ·······191
进阶案例（8）—— 多边形建模制作时尚椅子 ·······195
进阶案例（9）—— 多边形建模制作单人沙发 ·······198
求生秘籍 技巧提示：复杂的模型
需要多种建模方法综合使用· ·········201
进阶案例（10）—— 多边形建模制作脚凳·· ·········202
求生秘籍 技巧提示：使用【连接】工具的目的·· ·· 206
求生秘籍 软件技能：
制作模型尽量分为几个部分来做· ··· 211
6.3 石墨建模工具 ··············································· 211
常见问题解答：如何在 3ds Max 2014
界面中显示石墨建模工具？· ························ 211
6.3.1 【多边形建模】面板· ······························ 211
6.3.2 【修改选择】面板· ·································212
6.3.3 【编辑】面板· ·······································213
求生秘籍 技巧提示：重复上一个工具的使用· ·······213
求生秘籍 技巧提示：快速切片工具· ···················214
6.3.4 【几何体（全部）】面板· ························214
求生秘籍 技巧提示：切片平面· ·························215
6.3.5 【子对象】面板· ····································215
6.3.6 【循环】面板· ·······································219
6.3.7 【细分】面板· ·······································220
6.3.8 【三角剖分】面板· ·································221
6.3.9 【对齐】面板· ·······································221
6.3.10 【可见性】面板·· ·································221
6.3.11 【属性】面板·· ·····································221
Chapter 07 渲染器参数详解 ·················223
7.1 初识VRay 渲染器 ·········································223
7.1.1 渲染的概念· ··········································223
7.1.2 要渲染的原因 ·······································223
试一下: 切换为VRay 渲染器 ···························223
7.1.3 渲染工具 ··············································223
7.2 VRay 渲染器 ················································224
7.2.1 公用 ····················································225
7.2.2 V-Ray ··················································229
7.2.3 间接照明 ··············································241
7.2.4 设置 ····················································250
7.2.5 Render Elements（渲染元素） ·················253
求生秘籍 技巧提示：复位VRay 渲染器· ·············254
7.3 测试渲染的参数设置方案 ···························255
7.4 最终渲染的参数设置方案 ···························256
Chapter 08 灯光技术 ·····························258
8.1 认识灯光 ·····················································258
8.1.1 灯光的概念· ··········································258
8.1.2 3ds Max 中灯光的属性· ···························259
8.2 光度学灯光 ··················································261
8.2.1 目标灯光· ·············································261
求生秘籍 技巧提示：光域网知识 ·······················262
常见问题解答：目标灯光
最容易忽略的地方在哪里？ ························ 263
常见问题解答：每类灯光都有多
种阴影类型，选择哪种更适合？ ················· ·265
进阶案例（1）——VR 灯光和目标灯光制作壁灯 ···266
进阶案例（2）——VR 灯光和目标灯光制作射灯 ···268
求生秘籍 技巧提示：VR 灯光作为辅助光源 ·········270
8.2.2 自由灯光 ··············································270
常见问题解答：怎么显示或
不显示视图中的光影效果？· ······················ ·271
8.3 标准灯光 ·····················································272
8.3.1 目标聚光灯 ···········································272
进阶案例—— 目标聚光灯制作聚光效果· ·············274
8.3.2 自由聚光灯 ···········································276
8.3.3 目标平行光 ···········································276
常见问题解答：为什么目标聚光灯、
自由聚光灯、目标平行光、平行光、
泛光参数很类似？ ·································· ··276
8.3.4 自由平行光 ···········································277
8.3.5 泛光灯 ·················································277
进阶案例—— 泛光灯制作壁灯 ··························278
求生秘籍 技巧提示：使用VR
灯光（球体）也可制作泛光效果 ·····280
8.3.6 天光 ····················································280
8.4 VRay 灯光 ···················································281
8.4.1 VR 灯光 ···············································281
进阶案例（1）——VR 灯光制作灯带 ··················283
求生秘籍 技巧提示：VR 灯光作
为灯带使用时，需注意其位置 ········284
进阶案例（2）——VR 灯光制作吊灯 ··················285
求生秘籍技巧提示：VR 灯光（球体）的半径 ·······286
进阶案例（3）——VR 灯光制作夜晚 ··················286
进阶案例（4）——VR 灯光制作客厅柔和灯光 ······288
8.4.2 VR 太阳 ···············································290
常见问题解答：
【VR 天空】贴图是怎么应用的？ ················· 291
进阶案例（1）——VR 太阳制作阳光 ··················291
进阶案例（2）——VR 太阳和VR 灯光制作黄昏 ···293
8.4.3 VRayIES ··············································294
8.4.4 VR 环境灯光 ·········································295
Chapter 09 材质和贴图技术 ·················296
9.1 认识材质 ·····················································296
试一下: 设置一个材质 ····································297
常见问题解答：为什么
我的材质类型中没有VRayMtl 材质？ ············297
VII
目 录
9.2 材质编辑器 ··················································298
9.2.1 精简材质编辑器· ····································298
求生秘籍 软件技能：打开材质
编辑器的几种方法· ······················299
求生秘籍 软件技能：材质球示例窗
的四个角位置，代表的意义不同· ····301
常见问题解答：为什么制作完成
材质后，看不到模型发生变化？ ···················302
常见问题解答：之前制作的材质，赋予
给物体后，在材质球找不到了，怎么办？ ·······303
9.2.2 Slate 材质编辑器·· ·································307
9.3 常用的材质类型 ············································307
9.3.1 标准材质· ·············································309
进阶案例—— 标准材质制作条纹壁纸· ················310
9.3.2 VRayMtl·· ············································· 311
求生秘籍 技巧提示：【漫反射】通道的作用· ·······312
求生秘籍 技巧提示：【菲涅耳反射】· ················312
求生秘籍 技巧提示：常用材质的折射率· ·············313
常见问题解答：带有特殊的高光
反射形状的材质怎么设置？ ·························314
求生秘籍 技巧提示：
【反射差值】和【折射差值】· ········316
进阶案例（1）——VRayMtl 材质制作大理石········316
进阶案例（2）——VRayMtl 材质制作镜子···········318
进阶案例（3）——VRayMtl 材质制作木地板········320
求生秘籍 软件技能：凹凸贴图的快速添加· ··········321
进阶案例（4）——VRayMtl 材质制作陶瓷···········322
9.3.3 VR 灯光材质·· ·······································324
进阶案例——VR 灯光材质制作背景 ···················324
9.3.4 VR 覆盖材质·· ·······································326
进阶案例——VR 覆盖材质制作木纹 ···················326
求生秘籍 软件技能：UVW 贴图
修改器校正错误的贴图效果· ········· 329
9.3.5 混合材质· ·············································330
9.3.6 顶/ 底材质· ···········································330
9.3.7 VR 材质包裹器 ······································331
9.3.8 多维/ 子对象材质 ···································331
进阶案例—— 多维/ 子对象材质制作食物·· ·········332
9.3.9 Ink”n Paint 材质· ····································334
9.4 认识贴图 ·····················································335
试一下: 添加一张贴图· ···································335
9.5 常用贴图类型 ···············································337
9.5.1 【位图】贴图· ·······································339
9.5.2 【不透明度】贴图· ·································340
试一下: 使用【不透明度】贴图制作树叶 ············340
9.5.3 【凹凸】通道贴图 ··································341
试一下: 使用【凹凸】通道贴图制作凹凸效果 ······341
9.5.4 【VRayHDRI】贴图 ·······························342
9.5.5 【VR 边纹理】贴图 ································343
9.5.6 【VR 天空】贴图 ···································343
9.5.7 【衰减】贴图 ········································343
进阶案例—— 衰减贴图制作布纹 ·······················344
9.5.8 【混合】贴图 ········································346
9.5.9 【渐变】贴图 ········································346
9.5.10 【渐变坡度】贴图 ································347
进阶案例—— 渐变坡度贴图制作灯罩 ·················348
9.5.11 【平铺】贴图 ·······································349
9.5.12 【棋盘格】贴图 ···································351
9.5.13 【噪波】贴图 ······································352
9.5.14 【细胞】贴图 ······································352
9.5.15 【凹痕】贴图 ······································353
进阶案例（1）——VRayMtl 材质制
作玻璃、洋酒、冰块 ·············354
求生秘籍技巧提示：玻璃材质需要把折射
颜色设置的比反射颜色更浅 ··· ··355
求生秘籍技巧提示：调节带有颜色
的液体或透明体 ···················356
进阶案例（2）——VRayMtl 材质制作
不锈钢金属、磨砂金属 ··········357
求生秘籍技巧提示：调节特殊的反射高光形状 ······360
Chapter 10 摄影机技术 ·························361
10.1 初识摄影机 ················································361
试一下: 创建一台目标摄影机 ···························362
常见问题解答：创建目标摄影机
还有没有其他更便捷的方法？ ··················· ··362
10.2 目标摄影机 ················································362
10.2.1 参数 ··················································363
10.2.2 景深参数 ············································364
10.2.3 运动模糊参数 ······································365
10.2.4 剪切平面参数 ······································365
10.2.5 摄影机校正 ·········································366
常见问题解答：怎么快速
隐藏摄影机？安全框是什么？ ······················366
进阶案例—— 调整目标摄影机角度· ···················367
求生秘籍 软件技能：手动调整摄影机的视图 ········369
10.3 自由摄影机 ················································372
求生秘籍 软件技能：目标摄影机和
自由摄影机可以切换 ···········372
10.4 VR 穹顶摄影机 ···········································373
10.5 VR 物理摄影机 ···········································373
10.5.1 基本参数 ············································374
10.5.2 散景特效 ············································376
10.5.3 采样 ··················································377
10.5.4 失真 ··················································377
10.5.5 其他 ··················································377
进阶案例（1）—— 使用VR
物理摄影机的光圈调整亮度 ——— 377
进阶案例（2）—— 使用VR
物理摄影的光晕调整黑边效果 ······ 379
Chapter 11 VRay 渲染综合 ···················382
11.1 综合案例—— 书房一角 ···························382
VIII
3ds Max+VRay 家装效果图渲染全揭秘
11.1.1 设置VRay 渲染器 ·································382
11.1.2 材质的制作·· ········································383
11.1.3 设置摄影机·· ········································388
11.1.4 设置灯光并进行草图渲染 ························388
11.1.5 设置成图渲染参数 ·································392
11.2 综合案例—— 休闲室一角 ························393
11.2.1 设置VRay 渲染器 ·································394
11.2.2 材质的制作 ··········································395
11.2.3 设置摄影机 ··········································399
求生秘籍 软件技能：
【手动剪切】可以穿透墙面 ·············400
11.2.4 设置灯光并进行草图渲染 ························401
11.2.5 设置成图渲染参数 ·································403
Chapter 12 Photoshop 后期处理 ·········406
进阶案例（1）—— 打造黑白餐厅 ······················406
进阶案例（2）—— 打造清爽色调餐厅效果图 ·······407
进阶案例（3）—— 更改会议室背景墙颜色 ··········408
进阶案例（4）—— 更换墙壁颜色 ······················409
进阶案例（5）—— 更换墙面装饰· ····················· 411
进阶案例（6）—— 还原暗部细节 ······················412
进阶案例（7）—— 还原吊顶细节 ······················414
进阶案例（8） —— 还原画面色彩 ·····················415
进阶案例（9）—— 合成窗外风景 ······················416
进阶案例（10）—— 矫正对比度
偏低的外景效果图 ···············418
进阶案例（11）—— 去除多余的筒灯 ·················419
进阶案例（12）—— 为画面添加植物 ·················421
进阶案例（13）—— 校正偏暗的室内效果图 ········422
进阶案例（14）—— 增强画面细节 ····················423
进阶案例（15）—— 制作吊顶灯带 ····················424
Chapter 13 小资情调
——混搭风格休息室日景 ········426
求生秘籍 技巧提示: 多维子/ 对象材质 ···············432
Chapter 14 小资情调
——混搭风格休息室夜景 ········440
求生秘籍 技巧提示：模糊数值很有用 ·················442
求生秘籍 技巧提示：应用摄影机校正修改器 ········447
求生秘籍 技巧提示：创建灯光要有顺序 ··············451
Chapter 15 经典黑白
——现代风格餐厅设计 ···········455
常见问题解答：光子图是什么？ ·························469
Chapter 16 低调奢华
——新古典风格卧室夜景 ········470
求生秘籍 技巧提示：室内色彩搭配原则· ·············472
求生秘籍 技巧提示：辅助光源· ·························483
Chapter 17 高贵典雅
——简约欧式风格客厅日景·····486
求生秘籍 技巧提示：复制灯光
时的【复制】和【实例】 ··············495
Chapter 18 简约明亮
——中型封闭会议室 ···············501
求生秘籍 技巧提示：公共空间的色彩搭配 ···········503
求生秘籍 技巧提示：可以使用
不同的.ies 文件增加层次 ·············· 511
Chapter 19 恬静优雅
——浪漫的咖啡馆 ··················515
求生秘籍 技巧提示：【菲涅耳反射】的作用 ········517
求生秘籍 技巧提示：目标摄影机和
VR 物理摄影机的区别 ·················523
求生秘籍 技巧提示：灯光该如何选择 ·················526
Chapter 20 水韵雅墅
——夜晚别墅之美 ··················530
求生秘籍 技巧提示：【法线凹凸】的作用 ···········533
求生秘籍 技巧提示：设置带有颜色的液体材质 ·····537
求生秘籍 技巧提示：室外建筑灯光的设置流程· ····542
附录1 快捷键索引· ·································· 549
附录2 常用物体折射率表 ······················· 554
附录3 效果图常用尺寸附表· ·················· 555